Can the Union be successfully implemented
under any form of power?
“All the states but our own are sensibe that knowledge is power” – Thomas Jefferson
Chambi Chachage
The Union is both a political and structural question.
Political in the sense that it involves the distribution and separation of
powers, not only among the executive, judiciary and legislative within the
uniting parties but also across them. It is also political in regard to the
ways people engage in a democratic process of constraining or decentralizing power.
As such, political will – of both the people and their
leaders – is important in maintaining a union. If the majority of the people
want or do not want it, and when they are organized enough, then it is just a
matter of time before power tilts in their favor. People’s power.
However, the structural is also political. In a polity
that is not aiming for anarchy, a union must have a form. This cannot be just
any form. Claiming, as Zitto Zuberi Kabwe does, that it “is a concept which can
be successful implemented under any form” is to ignore the contextual
limitation of certain structures.[1] It
is also to ignore the balancing of power.
Prior to that claim, in his article on ‘Three-govt
system will cement Union, increase openness” (The Citizen 20/04/2014), the dynamic politician states: “the Union stems
and anchors on belief. It is an ideology; it is whether you believe in or not
in the Union”. But beliefs/ideologies do not exist in a political vacuum. They
operate in structures of power.
It is these structures that shape people’s experiences
of the Union. Our two-government system that has survived for 50 years is a
case in point. In doubling Union matters from the original 11 over the years,
the United Republic of Tanzania increasingly swallowed Zanzibar’s semi-autonomy.
It thus fermented public distrust through the abuse of power.
Trust, as Maria Sarungi Tsehai’s invocation, in the
Constituent Assembly (CA), of Julius Kambarage Nyerere’s 1977 speech on the Constitution, is important in constitutional making.[2]
When CA members, Juma Haji Duni and Ismail Jussa Ladhu, queried why Zanzibar is
being promised now the things it has been demanding and what would enforce them
in a proposed modified two-government structure, it was a cry of broken trust.[3] For
them, a three-government structure would enable Zanzibar to exercise power.
For Tundu Antiphas Lissu and the coalition of the few
in his CA committee, There Is No Alternative (TINA) to a three-government
structure even if the (resulting) Union government of Tanzania would be weak
vis-à-vis the governments of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.[4] In
other words, Zanzibar took its power back through its 2010 constitutional amendment so let Tanganyika also do so although Tanzania would not have much power.
Kabwe’s proposition for a three-government structure,
on the other hand, aims to empower the Union government. However, as noted earlier, it
ignores the balancing of power necessary for sustaining a democratic
union. Surely, as he notes, “any type or form of Union can break if the
people do not want the merger.” But people wanting any type or form of union is
not a guarantee for its sustainability. It needs a solid structure of power.
Even though he asserts that there “is no scientific
proof that three governments will break the Union,” the examples that the
dynamic politician provides are not scientific proof that the three
governments that he is proposing won’t break the union. “Those who prophesy that
three governments will break the Union”, he thus concludes, “are politicising
the issue unnecessarily because the Union is a belief, it is an ideology.” But some
of these ‘prophets of doom’ are simply asking him to go beyond ‘arithmetic’ and analyze power.
Ironically, he wants us to take a leaf from a colonial
structure that we abandoned in 1962, a year after we won independence: He
states: “Before Tanganyika became a Republic, Mwalimu Julius Nyerere and later
Mzee Kawawa served as Prime Ministers. The Queen was only head of the state. We
should modify and adopt this system by having a single head of state and two
Prime Ministers leading the two partner states. Under this system we will have
one head of state, one state and three governments.” Three centers of power.
Queen Elizabeth II did not become our executive head
of the state on 9 December 1961. The executive head of state was only one, the Prime
Minister. Even when we decided to have a prime minister who somehow shared
executive powers with the president, our structure ensured that he is
subordinate enough as he doesn’t have a separate jurisdiction. It would be a problem if she/he heads ‘a large yet separate area’ with her/his own power.
Understandably, Kabwe aims to appease if not please
both parties – proponents of two and three-government structures – by meeting
all of them somewhere in or near the middle. But you can’t please everyone all
the time. This is more so in matters of power.
He writes: “Costs of managing security activities will
be less under three governments than in two governments. This is because under
three governments everybody will be happy as within it there are two
governments as well as one government. If we decide on two governments, those
who want three governments will not be happy and this might attract discontent
which will weaken the merger.” His proposal? Another layer of power.
Lest I put words into his mouth let us read this: “I would like
to urge my fellow members to make sure that we safeguard this Union at any cost
by making drastic changes in its system and format by creating another
executive body which will deal with Tanganyika matters.” We are told this
executive body would be under a PM. This executive premier, however, is
not going to be running a separate country – only matters pertaining to
Tanganyika as if it would be an ‘entity’ that is neither a country nor a
people in power.
My bone of contention remains: How do we ensure the
distribution and separation power between and within three layers of executive,
judiciary and legislature without breaking the Union? Whether we call them
presidents or prime ministers we are talking of three executives of Tanzania,
Tanganyika and Zanzibar, respectively. And whether we call them parliaments or
houses, we are talking of three legislatures. Or whether we call them courts or
committees, we are also talking of three judiciaries. All nine vested with
power.
Judge Joseph Sinde Warioba knew very well these structural limitations when, after a thorough review of recommendations
regarding a three-government structure, the analytic in him once concluded
that: “Matokeo yake
Serikali za Tanganyika na Zanzibar zitakuwa na nguvu sana na Serikali ya Muungano
itakuwa dhaifu kabisa” (i.e. the government of Tanganyika and that of Zanzibar
will have a lot power and the Union government will be utterly weak).[5]
But the democratic in him later conceded: “Lakini kama wananchi wanataka hivyo, sawa” (i.e. but if that is what
the people want, okay).[6]
If that is surely what we, the people, want so be it, albeit after knowing it
is all about power.
Yes, we need to read between these lines in Article 62(3)
of the second draft of the proposed constitution and know its implications: “Bila
ya kuathiri au kukiuka masharti ya Ibara hii, Serikali ya Jamhuri ya Muungano,
kwa makubaliano na masharti maalum baina yake na Serikali ya Zanzibar au
Serikali ya Tanganyika, inaweza kutekeleza jambo lolote lililo chini ya mamlaka
ya Serikali ya Zanzibar au Serikali ya Tanganyika kwa mujibu wa masharti ya
makubaliano hayo” (i.e. Without prejudice to, and without breaching the
provisions of, this Article, the government of the united republic, in
agreement and on the basis of the stipulations, between it and the government
of Zanzibar or Tanganyika, may implement any thing that is within the
jurisdiction of Zanzibar or Tanganyika according to those agreements.”[7]
With a weak union government, who has the bargaining power?
Even Professor Ibrahim Haruna Lipumba of the
protesting UKAWA is aware of such power differentials. In his powerful
presentation prefaced with his trademark disclaimer “Mada hii ni mawazo binafsi” (i.e. this presentation is my personal
reflections), he points out: “Tume ya Jaji Warioba haikufanya uchambuzi wa kina
na kubaini kuwa mfumo wa serikali ndiyo msingi wa mantiki ya kuingiza sehemu
kubwa ya vyanzo vya mapato ya serikali ya Tanganyika kuwa jambo la Muungano.
Msingi huu ukiondolewa, utaratibu wa kugharamia serikali ya Muungano unahitaji
kufikiriwa kwa makini la sivyo serikali ya Muungano itakuwa haina vyanzo vya
mapato vya uhakika (i.e. Judge Warioba’s Commission did not undertake an
in-depth analysis and/to determine that the structure/system of government is
the basis of the logic of making large part of the government of Tanganyika’s
sources of income to be a union matter. When this basis is removed, the
arrangement of financing the Union government has to be rethought/revised
carefully otherwise the Union government won’t have reliable sources of income)[8].
In annals of power, he who pays the piper calls the tune for money is also a source
of power.
Opinions matters. So do opinion polls. However, they
are not substitutes for informed public debates and referendums. They are only
supplements or complements. After all voting is one of the ways in which people
can ensure that power is not a monopoly of one entity. As we brace to hear
Judge Warioba, again, as he grace the release of what Rakesh Rajani’s Twaweza
refers to as “the most recently available nationally representative data on the
second draft of the constitution”, let us bear in mind that the most
important structural thing that would make people strengthen, weaken or break
the Union is power.[9]
Not so long ago Professor Issa Gulamhussein Shivji aptly
noted: “That brings us to the so-called three-government formula. Let me sound
a word of caution here. Used simplistically as a formula, this notion contains
the problem, of generating wrong signals as if three governments in themselves
mean more democracy and power to the people. Playing with numbers—one, two, or
three governments—triviliases the complexity of the issue and unnecessarily
divides people, creating irrational loyalties to numbers, so to speak…. It is
best therefore to shift the discussion to the complexity of power sharing
structures rather than reduce the question to the numbers of government. The
central question in any federal type arrangement is the distribution of power
between the centre and regional state and government organs”.[10]
This also applies to a unitary nation-state our pragmatic politician is concocting
out of three governments – the question of power.
Power analysis can thus help us structure our union in
a sustainable way. Our public debate must involve it. Ultimately, it is the
people who decides. But it is the structures that determine to what extent such
decisions would be sustained. Let us speak truth to power.
[1] Three-govt system will cement Union, increase
openness
[2] < https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=sCJGL9GZog8>
[3] < http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G62TcZ18H3o&feature=share>
&
< http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xb-ufmFMQJM&feature=share>
[4] Maoni Ya
Wajumbe Walio Wa Wachache Katika Kamati Namba Nne Kuhusu Sura Ya Kwanza Na Sura
Ya Sita Ya Rasimu Ya Katiba Ya JAMHURI YA MUUNGANO WA TANZANIA [Kanuni Ya 32(4)
Ya Kanuni Za Bunge Maalum, 2014]
< https://udadisi.com/2014/04/maoni-ya-wajumbe-walio-wa-wachache.html>
[5] Kutoka Makavani. Kwa Nini Muundo wa Shirikisho Utaua
Muungano
<http://www.checheafrika.org/kutoka-makavani-kwa-nini-muundo-wa-shirikisho-utaua-muungano/>
[6] Jaji Warioba: Tusidanganyane, kutaka Serikali tatu ni
kuvunja Muungano <http://www.raiamwema.co.tz/jaji-warioba-tusidanganyane-kutaka-serikali-tatu-ni-kuvunja-muungano#sthash.XMjhRYCx.gd9YFh5E.dpuf>
[7] Rasimu ya Pili ya Katiba Mpya ya Jamhuri ya Muungano
wa Tanzania
<http://www.jukwaalakatibatz.com/index.php/home/140-tamko-kwa-uma
> &
<https://udadisi.com/2014/04/wiki-hii-wajumbe-wanajadili-sura-ya.html>
[8] Changamoto ya mfumo wa serikali tatu: Kugharamia
serikali ya Muungano
[9]The
People’s Constitution? What do citizens really think of the second draft?
<http://www.twaweza.org/go/sauti-event-katiba>
[10] Let the People Speak: Tanzania Down the Road to
Neoliberalism
<http://books.google.com/books/about/Let_the_People_Speak.html?id=eTafAAAAMAAJ>
